Discovery of Q-carbon, Q-BN, C-BN, and Diamond Related Materials https://www.mse.ncsu.edu/narayan/ (Q-carbon Discovery) Google Q-carbon: Search Results Web results (July 10, 2020): About 899,000,000 results (0.46 seconds) Q-carbon - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-carbon Q-carbon (quenched carbon) is an allotrope of carbon, discovered in 2015, that is ferromagnetic, electrically conductive, and glows when exposed to low levels of energy. It is relatively inexpensive to make, and some news reports claim that it has replaced diamond as the world's hardest substance. Discovery · Production · Properties https://www.google.com/search? q=q+carbon&rlz=1C1GGRV_enUS751US751&oq=q&aqs=chrome.2.69i59j69i57j35i39j69i60l3.4238j0j3 &sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8 A: Discovery of Q-carbon and Direct Conversion of Carbon into Q-carbon, Diamond, and Graphene B: Discovery of Q-BN and Direct Conversion of BN into Q-BN, c-BN, and h-BN (wafer-scale) Modern demands for energy-efficient power electronics, secure high-speed communications, and ever-increasing computing power are converging with technology opportunities created by ultrawidebandgap semiconductors to define new paradigms for a wide range of electronic, optical, sensing, and quantum applications. Diamond and c-BN related materials represent ultimate semiconductor materials for next-generation solid state devices for the above applications. Considering Johnson’s (relevant for high-power devices) and Keys (relevant for microelectronics) figures of merit, diamond and c-BN are 8200 and 32 times better than silicon devices. However, diamond and c-BN are metastable materials at ambient temperatures and pressures, therefore, new nonequilibrium methods for synthesis and processing and doping are needed to fabricate novel solid state devices. Our recent breakthrough has resulted in direct conversion of carbon into diamond, graphene, and a new phase of Q-carbon with many extraordinary properties by nanosecond laser processing. There is also a parallel process leading to direct conversion of BN into Q-BN, c-BN, and h-BN. These materials now can be doped with both p-type and n-type (unlike only p-type doping in diamond so far) dopants with concentrations exceeding thermodynamic solubility limits. The diamond c-BN thin film heterostructures can be grown with wafer-scale integration for next-generation solid state devices, which is accomplished by overlapping laser pulses with throughput exceeding 100-200cm 2s-1. These discoveries are unprecedented in the field of materials science and engineering (Published over 50 high-impact papers, received 8 US Patents, 8 International Patents, 2017 R&D-100 Award for Q1 carbon and diamond structures, 2018 R&D-100 Award for super hardness and record BCS superconductivity, and 2019 R&D-100 Award for Novel Nanodiamonds for Nanosensing and Quantum Computing (N3C). The R&D-100 Awards are known as “Oscars of Innovation.” Research Funding: NSF, ARO, DARPA, DOE (ORNL) (1) B-doped Q-carbon has a new record for BCS high-temperature superconductivity with T c over 55K and going higher, and carries record critical current density in the presence of magnetic field (superconducting qubits and Majorana Fermion based devices): 1. Bhaumik, A.; Sachan, R.; Narayan, J. High-Temperature Superconductivity in Boron-Doped Q-Carbon. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 5351–5357. 2. Bhaumik, A.; Sachan, R.; Gupta, S.; Narayan, J. Discovery of High-Temperature Superconductivity ( T c = 55 K) in B-Doped Q-Carbon. ACS Nano 2017, 11, 11915–11922. 3. Bhaumik, A.; Sachan, R.; Narayan, J. A Novel High-Temperature Carbon-Based Superconductor: B-Doped Q-Carbon. J. Appl. Phys. 2017, 122, 45301. 4. Bhaumik, A.; Sachan, R.; Narayan, J. Magnetic Relaxation and Three-Dimensional Critical Fluctuations in B-Doped Q-Carbon – a High-Temperature Superconductor. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 12665–12673. 5. Narayan, J.; Bhaumik, A.; Sachan, R. High Temperature Superconductivity in Distinct Phases of Amorphous B-Doped Q-Carbon. J. Appl. Phys. 2018, 123, 135304. 6. Narayan, J.; Sachan, R.; Bhaumik, A. Search for near Room-Temperature Superconductivity in B-Doped Q-Carbon. Mater. Res. Lett. 2019, 7, 164–172. 7. Sachan, R.; Hatchtel, J.; Bhaumik, A.; Moatti, A.; Prater, J.; Idrobo, J.; and Narayan, J. Emergence of shallow energy levels in B-doped Q-carbon: A high-temperature superconductor. Acta Materialia 2019, 174, 153-159. 8. Bhaumik, Anagh, and Jagdish Narayan. "Structure–property correlations in phase-pure B-doped Q